The former Labour leader, along with Nick Clegg and a loose coalition of SNP, Green and Tory MPs, insists the electorate voted only to leave the EU and that Parliament should remain sovereign over the issue of the single market.
It follows concerns among some MPs that - despite the Prime Minister's statements to the contrary - the UK could be heading for a "hard Brexit" in which it pulls out of the single market to regain control over its borders.
Concern over uncontrolled immigration was one of the primary reasons Britons voted to leave the EU, but German chancellor Angela Merkel has insistedBritain must accept free movement of people if it wants to stay in the single market.
Mr Miliband alleged Downing Street had no authority to withdraw from the single market without consulting MPs.
"Having claimed that the referendum was about returning sovereignty to Britain, it would be a complete outrage if May were to determine the terms of Brexit without a mandate from Parliament," he told The Observer.
"There is no mandate for hard Brexit, and I don't believe there is a majority in Parliament for it either. Given the importance of these decisions for the UK economy ... it has to be a matter for MPs."
Former deputy prime minister Nick Clegg concurred that the decision over Britain's role in the single market was too important to be taken by Downing Street alone.
"My great worry is that, while there will be a vote on repealing the 1972 European Communities Act, which is about the decision to leave the EU, it will be left to the executive alone to decide the terms of Brexit. That would not be remotely acceptable," he told the newspaper.
Former education secretary Nicky Morgan told Sky's Murnaghan programme: "There are a lot of us that feel it would be extraordinary - given that the Brexit vote was about the sovereignty of Parliament, about making our own laws, taking back control - for Parliament not to have a big say in the Brexit negotiations."
She said she had no been contacted by Mr Miliband but would "talk to everyone".
"This is such a momentous issue for the United Kingdom, I think we can all agree on that whatever side of the debate we are on. It is going to effect our future for decades to come."
The Conservative MP added: "The Conservative manifesto we were elected on only 17 months ago has a very clear statement in it that we say 'yes' to the single market."
Sir Keir Starmer, who has returned to the Labour front bench as shadow Brexit secretary after storming out in protest at Jeremy Corbyn's leadership, insisted MPs must have a vote on the opening terms of Brexit negotiations.
"I accept that freedom of movement was a major issue in the referendum, but nobody voted Leave or Remain only for the government to take an axe to the economy," he told the Andrew Marr Show.
"The PM is saying 'Leave it to us without any scrutiny, or accountability, see you sometime in 2019 with a deal we won't vote on, even then'. That is totally unacceptable."
Mrs May has said she will open the two-year 'divorce' negotiations with Brussels by the end of next March, but has made it clear she does not want a Commons vote on the matter beforehand.
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