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Wednesday, December 9, 2015

COP21: Namibia on frontline of drought battle

Here in Namibia in southern Africa, a drought is intensifying, the soil has been turned into dust and animals are scouring the baked land for something to eat. 
Monica's village, Omagongati, is in the far north of the country, a region notorious for extremes of weather, but she says that the dry spell hitting her now has been longer and more severe than normal. 
"Four of my goats died - there was just nothing to feed them on," she tells me. A few of her surviving goats, gathered around her, are bleating forlornly.
Over the past two years, the weak or absent rains have left Monica among at least 500,000 people needing emergency food aid - and many here are wondering whether climate change will bring an even hotter and drier future.
In the past few months, as the drought has worsened and harvests have failed, the Namibian government has launched a well-rehearsed programme of food deliveries to the hardest-hit areas - droughts are nothing new here. 
On the one hand, Namibia's response, much admired in southern Africa, shows how it's possible to cope with potentially dangerous conditions, both now and in the future, if global warming makes things worse.
An early warning system raised the alarm - the El Nino weather phenomenon in the Pacific was always destined to mean less rain here - so people knew what was coming, and then the pre-planned emergency food supplies were sent out. 
But, on the other hand, many of Namibia's rural population eke out an impoverished existence on marginal land that's wholly dependent on rain. That means that even small changes in temperature, evaporation and the scale and timing of rainfall could all prove devastating.
A report by the government of Namibia, published in 2011, says the country has seen higher temperatures over the past 40 years with more days recorded over 35C. 
And it also highlights with a "high degree of certainty" that warming will continue, so that by mid-century it will be up to 3.5C hotter in the summer and up to 4C in the winter. 
On rainfall, the study is far less conclusive - computer models have always had more difficulty coming up with projections for precipitation than for temperature. 
Fewer consecutive wet days have been observed, the report says. In other words, there have been longer dry spells.
But in future there may be an increase in rainfall, which at first sight sounds positive, except that the rain itself is likely to become more intense, which may in turn exacerbate the risk of flooding, especially if it falls on dry ground.
The prospect of tougher times ahead has prompted the launch of a nationwide drive to teach Namibian children new farming techniques that should help them adapt. 
At the Mwadinomho Combined School near Odangwa, I watched a class standing around a small plot of land where a micro-drip irrigation system was at work with a network of narrow pipes feeding two long lines of plants. 
Standing under the midday sun, the pupils heard how the plants are grown in black plastic sacks which limit the surface area of soil from which water can evaporate and also concentrates nutrients around the roots where they are needed.
Hilma Shipahu, who heads the school's department that runs the agriculture classes, said she was convinced that the project was vital for the sake of the next generation.
"Each and every year we get some changes and we don't really get enough rain. 
"We are always talking about drought, drought, drought and so on, and then in the next 2-3 years to come we don't know if we are going to get a single drop of rain.
"Therefore we need to come up with something that is going to help the children."
The irrigation system, costing about 5,000 Namibian dollars (about £230), had to be paid for by the school but the idea for it - and the technical support - came from a Namibia-based NGO called Creative Entrepreneurs Solutions (CES).
Along with promoting irrigation technology, CES offers to teach farmers a technique known as "conservation agriculture".
This involves ploughing much deeper than normal to break a "hard pan" of baked soil that lies below the surface, which helps the ground absorb rain and creates furrows in which rainwater is more easily collected.
Maria Johansson of CES says that because climate predictions are for Namibia to become "way hotter with more erratic and unpredictable rain patterns", unless farmers adapt, the risk of failed harvests and hunger will increase. 
"The country is already importing 70% of its foodstuffs. India has already said it won't export any pearl millet to Namibia. Currently, Namibia is buying from Zambia but what if Zambia doesn't produce? This is a global problem." 
And Namibia's ability to cope is being tested right now in ways that make the negotiations at the Paris climate summit seem especially relevant. 
Not only are farmers struggling to keep going amid the deepening drought. But also, the authorities report that the reservoirs supplying the capital Windhoek are at their lowest levels for decades. One is only 20% full and another that I visited was bone-dry.

Dropbox is killing a $100 million investment

Mailbox will be shut down on 26 February and Carousel on 31 March.
Mailbox will be shut down on 26 February and Carousel on 31 March.
Cloud storage giant Dropbox has announced plans that it will be shutting down two apps in its portfolio. The first is the popular email app Mailbox and the other is the photo organizer app called Carousel. Both apps will be shut down early next year—Mailbox on 26 February and Carousel on 31 March.
Mailbox users will have to switch to another email app on their smartphones. Those who had uploaded photos to Carousel will find these transferred to their primary Dropbox storage. Both of these apps were consumer oriented, and marquee products for Dropbox as it had visions of being a service that offered much more than just cloud storage.
In an official statement earlier today, Dropbox chief executive officer Drew Houston and chief technology officer Arash Ferdowsi said, “Building new products is about learning as much as it’s about making. It’s also about tough choices. Over the past few months, we’ve increased our team’s focus on collaboration and simplifying the way people work together. In light of that, we’ve made the difficult decision to shut down Carousel and Mailbox.”
This is perhaps an admission that Dropbox’s forays beyond cloud storage haven’t really been successful. Dropbox had bought the Mailbox app for $100 million in March 2013 from developer Orchestra, an app that was extremely popular with smartphone users back then because it offered slick features that most other email apps at the time did not have—swipe to archive and snooze being some examples. And it will not be outlandish to claim that Mailbox actually was the inspiration behind the development of Google’s Inbox app and also the revamp of the Outlook app by Microsoft. Carousel was launched in 2014 as a completely consumer centric product that offered a visual timeline of photos and the option to view photos in galleries.
It was perhaps more of a case of hitting a wall on innovation with the email app, as the Mailbox team seems to suggest in an official statement, “But as we deepened our focus on collaboration, we realized there’s only so much an email app can do to fundamentally fix email. We’ve come to believe that the best way for us to improve people’s productivity going forward is to streamline the workflows that generate so much email in the first place.”
At present, Dropbox is struggling to justify its value to investors. The cloud storage giant has raised about $1.1 billion in funding till now, and its value is estimated at $10 billion. Its closest competitor is Box, which went public earlier this year and is valued at $1.7 billion. All along, Box has focused on enterprise users, by offering better collaboration features. Dropbox will have to convince investors that it is actually in a shape to leapfrog Box, in the battle for the enterprise user base, a space where Microsoft, Google and Apple are also present.
Dropbox will now focus on a service known as Paper, which is a document editing and collaboration suite, that could be its ticket to competing with Box. Dropbox currently has 400 million users, but it hopes that by switching to the enterprise focus, it’ll end up with more users who actually pay for the more expensive tariff tiers of the service.

Central African Republic's Bozize slams 'shameful' election ban

Gunfire was heard on Tuesday night after the 30 presidential candidates were announced, reports AFP.
Francois Bozize is one of 14 candidates banned from running for office in the vote scheduled for 27 December.
He accused the constitutional court of banning him because of foreign
Mr Bozize was president of CAR for 10 years until he fled to neighbouring Cameroon in 2013 when a group of mostly Muslim rebels - called the Seleka - briefly took control of the country.
This sparked reprisals from a mainly Christian militia, called the anti-Balaka, who are seen as close to Mr Bozize.
Violence between the rival militias has killed thousands and displaced nearly a quarter of the CAR population.
Pope Francis recently urged rival factions to stop fighting, when he visited a mosque in the capital, Bangui.
The UN sanctions committee accused Mr Bozize of "providing support to acts which undermined the peace". 
He is banned by the UN from travelling and his assets have been frozen.
Patrice-Edouard Ngaissona, a leader of the anti-Balaka, was also banned from running for president.
On Friday, Nourredine Adam, who heads a Seleka splinter group, said he would not allow elections to go ahead in the areas under his control, including the northern town of Kaga-Bandoro.
The election has already been delayed from 18 October.

President Obama Takes Subtle Jabs at Donald Trump During Speech on Abolition of Slavery

President Obama and congressional leaders traveled to the Capitol Building’s Emancipation Hall Wednesday to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery, with the President using the ceremony both to laud the nation’s early civil rights heroes and to criticize Republican presidential frontrunner Donald Trump for his recent comments about banning Muslims.
Obama commended the reformers whose “passion only drove the protectors of the status quo to dig in,” and who ultimately prevailed in bringing an end to the “peculiar institution” of slavery with the passage of the 13th Amendment. Their drive, Obama said helped inspire generations of Americans who continued to fight for the civil rights and liberties for all in America.
In his first public speech since Donald Trump’s widely condemned statements calling for a ban on Muslims entering the U.S., the President also used his moment to juxtapose his vision of America with the leading Republican presidential candidate. Obama warned against falling victim to cynicism and fear, receiving a standing ovation from the gathered crowd after stating that the freedom of all Americans is “bound up with the freedom of others—regardless of what they look like…or what faith they practice.”
“We condemn ourselves to shackles once more if we fail to answer those who wonder if they’re truly equals in their communities,” Obama added. “We betray our most noble past as well if we were to deny the…possibility of progress.”
The President’s statements on Wednesday echo those made in an address to the nation over the weekend when he called on Americans to reject discrimination in the wake of recent terror attacks. “When we travel down that road, we lose,” he said on Sunday evening. “That kind of divisiveness, that betrayal of our values plays into the hands of groups like ISIL.”
Obama’s comments at the ceremony come after White House officials previously blasted Trump’s statements on Muslims. On Tuesday, Press Secretary Josh Earnest said Trump’s remarks should disqualify him from serving as president.

How Angela Merkel Went From Ignored to Person of the Year

Eberhard Diepgen, Helmut Kohl, Angela Merkel
aslu/ullstein bild/Getty ImagesFrom left: Eberhard Diepgen, Helmut Kohl, and Angela Merkel attend a CDU ceremony on Oct. 1, 2000.
Today, the importance of Angela Merkel—Germany’s first female chancellor and its first born in East Germany—isn’t exactly in question. She has the most influential voice in European politics, she has a leading role in shaping the answers to the world’s biggest questions and she’s just been named TIME’s 2015 Person of the Year. But 15 years ago, her first appearance in this magazine was very different.
In fact, she didn’t even get mentioned.
On Jan. 31, 2000, TIME ran a story about the legacy of Helmut Kohl, the Chancellor who presided over German reunification, and the problems within his Christian Democratic Union party. Merkel,who was once described as Kohl’s protégée, wasn’t mentioned in the piece, irking one German reader of TIME.
“[You] did not do justice to Wolfgang Schauble and Angela Merkel,” wrote Hans-Gunter Kruppa of Osnabruck. “They have both worked hard to weed out the dark jungle of bank accounts, to bring secrets to light and to report to the public in agonizing press conferences and countless embarrassing talk shows.”
Another five years would pass before that name—Angela Merkel—again appeared in the magazine.
By then, Merkel was the leader of the Christian Democrats, and Merkel’s party was suddenly poised to beat the leading Social Democrats in an election called a year before it had been originally scheduled. By that September, Merkel was the front-runner to become Chancellor. “Ten years ago, the idea that we’d have a female Chancellor from East Germany would have raised nothing but laughs,” political analyst Alfons Söllner told TIME. “Today it will make people proud.”
The elections that year did not yield a majority for the Christian Democratic Union or for the incumbent Social Democrats, but Merkel became Chancellor of a coalition government.
“We are obliged to achieve success,” she said at the time, of the need to work together. “We have to succeed.”
A decade later, there’s no question that she has.

San Bernardino Killers Discussed Jihad Online

ok and his Pakistani wife, Tashfeen Malik, were communicating about jihad via the internet months before she travelled to the US, according to James Comey.
"Online, as early as the end as 2013, they were talking to each other about jihad and martyrdom before they became engaged and then married and lived together in the United States," the FBI chief told a Senate hearing.
Mr Comey also said the couple had been radicalised even before they began their online courtship.
Mary Kay Henry, international president of the SEIU, speaks while surrounded by photos of the 14 people killed during a vigil for San Bernardino County employees after last week's shooting in San Bernardino, California
He told lawmakers investigators were looking into whether the couple - who died in a shootout with police after the San Bernardino attack - had their wedding arranged by a militant group.
"It would be a very, very important thing to know," said Mr Comey.
The FBI chief added that investigators believe the attackers were "inspired by foreign terrorist organisations".
Lawmakers said the disclosure raised questions about how the US government's visa vetting failed to detect Malik's extremist beliefs.
The judiciary committee's Republican chairman, Charles Grassley, said the shootings had shown President Barack Obama to be "spectacularly wrong" about the security of the process.
"Our government apparently didn't catch the false address in Pakistan that she listed on her application," Senator Grassley said.
Malik came to the US in July 2014 after being granted a K-1 fiancee visa and married Chicago-born Farook the following month.
Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson has said the Obama administration is now reviewing the visa programme.
A US government source familiar with the investigation told Reuters that Farook, a county health inspector, may have been plotting an attack on a US target as early as 2011.
It has also emerged that the couple borrowed around $28,000 from an online lender two weeks before the attack.
He is believed to have converted $10,000 of the unsecured loan into cash.
A man said by investigators to have bought the two assault rifles used in the attack was related to Farook's family by marriage.
Enrique Marquez, whose home was raided at the weekend, is being questioned by federal investigators.
He married Mariya Chernykh last year, whose sister is married to Farook's older brother Raheel.
Law enforcement officials have said Marquez checked himself into a Los Angeles-area psychiatric facility after the shooting.

Afghan men training at Georgia Air Force base reported missing

Two men from Afghanistan who are undergoing training at an Air Force base in Georgia have been reported missing, officials said Tuesday.
Officials at Moody Air Force Base, near Valdosta, said in a statement the two students didn’t report Monday to “their regular maintenance training” with the 81st Fighter Squadron.
The two men have been training at the base since February and “were screened prior to their arrival in the United States more than a year ago,” according to the statement. "There's zero evidence that these guys are terrorists," said Brian Childress, police chief in Valdosta, which is near Moody Air Force Base.
Officials said federal authorities are searching for the students, who have been training “alongside American counterparts for the entirety of 2015 and do not pose any apparent threat.” Officials didn’t release a description of the men or their names.
The two had been at Moody since February 2015 as part of a training program aimed at improving the Afghanistan air force, according to the base's statement.
The program aims to train a total of 30 Afghan pilots and 90 Afghan maintenance personnel during a four-year period, Moody Air Force Base said in an August 2014 release when the program was announced. It was not clear how many trainees from Afghanistan are currently at the base.
Childress said base officials met with local law enforcement several months ago to plan for the possibility that some of the Afghanistan trainees could go absent without leave.
"Anytime you bring in foreign military to our country, you have to prepare for that kind of thing," Childress said.
He said that on Tuesday, he began hearing from Valdosta residents concerned about the missing men "in light of what's happened out in San Bernardino," but he called this "a totally difference circumstance."
"You've got to remember these folks were cleared by the U.S. military and by the Department of Defense to come in and train," Childress said. "These guys have been here since February of 2015, and they have not caused a problem at all."